�㽭��С��ҵ��Բ��о�

2012-5-14

ժ Ҫ����С��ҵ��㽭��÷�չ��Ҫ��ף�Ȼ��С�֤ȯ�Ƚ��г��ϣ��С��ҵ�Ľ��֧��ȴԶԶ��С��ҵ�Ľ�һ��չ��ڵ�ǰ��Σ��£��С��ҵ��ٵĸ��㽭ʡ��С��ҵ��ԭ�򣬴��ƶȾ��ѧ�ĽǶȳ��С��ҵ��ʶԲ��뽨�顣

�ؼ��ʣ���С��ҵ��Բ�

�ĸ￪��ʮ��㽭��ִ�ʵ�ʳ��̽��󵨴��£��߳��˾��㽭��ɫ�ķ�չ·�ӣ��Ϊ�й��졢��չ��߻��ʡ��֮һ��㽭��С��ҵΪ��˵ط��úʹٽ��ᷢչ��˼�Ϊ��Ҫ��á��2008��ƣ��С��ҵ30.41��ң�ռ��99.6%��ʲ��35 684��Ԫ��ռ��82.6%��վ�ҵ��Ա1 130��ˣ�ռ��82.7%��Ӫҵ��27 704��Ԫ��ռ��71.7%��С��ҵ�ṩ��ó��ڶ�ռȫʡ75%��Ȼ��ڽ��г��ϣ��С��ҵ��ʵ�λȴ��侭�õ�λ��ƥ�䡣��Σ��£��㽭��С��ҵ��ٵ��Ϊ�Ͼ��ĺ��أ��С��ҵ�ڽ��Σ��е��¾��֤��ͨ��Խ��Σ��㽭ʡ��С��ҵ��о��㽭ʡʵ��ʵ��еĶԲ��ʩ��зǳ��Ҫ��ʵ֤��塣

һ��㽭��С��ҵ��о�

1.��С��ҵ��С��ҵ��ܵ��עʼ��1929�꣬Ӣ��ڲ�ҵίԱ�ᷢ��ױ��桷��ġ��ȱ�ڡ��ۣ��Ϊ��С��ҵ�ڷ�չ��д��ʽ�ȱ�ڣ��С��ҵ��ʽ��ڽ��ϵԸ��ṩ����д��ѧ�߼��о��飬��Ϊ��С��ҵ��о��ϼ��ĸ��棺��1��Ϣ��Գơ��Ϣ��Գ��ھ��ѧ�㷺Ӧ��֮��Stiglitz��Weiss��1981��罫��Ϣ��Գ��о��С��ҵ��S-Wģ��֤��Ϣ��Գƻ��ѡ��ǲ��С��ҵ��ĸ��ԭ�򡣣�2��о�Ӫ�ƶȡ�һЩ��ѧ��Ϊ��о�Ӫ�ƶȻ��С��ҵ��ʲ��Ӱ�졣��о�Ӫ�ʽ��ڡ��ȫ�ԡ��ԡ�ӯ��ԡ�ԭ��½��еģ��С��ҵ��ĸ��ϣ��޷��ҵ��⡣��־�Ӫ�ƶ��£��оͻ�Խ��Խƫ��ҵ�ṩ����ǿ��ܲ��ҪǮ��С��ҵ��ʹ��ҪǮ��Ҳ�ò����3��ȱ��Ӧ��С��ڻ��Ҳ�ǹ��ѧ��ǿ��ıȽ϶��һ��أ��Ϊ��С��ڻ��ֲ�ڵط��Ե��С��ҵ��˽⣬�ڰ��շ��պ�ӯ��£��Ǹ��С��ҵ����4��С��Ӫ��⡣�󲿷��С��ҵ��Ӫ��ƣ��ѧ��Ϊ��ƶ��ܵ��ӣ��ڵ��С��ҵ��

2.�㽭��С��ҵ��ĸ��ԭ�򡣴��о��ǿ��Կ��㽭��С��ҵ��Ҳ��ܵ��Щ��ص�Ӱ�졣Ȼ��ϣ��ܹ�͸��󿴱��ʣ��ʡ��С��ҵ��ԭ�򵽵��ʲô�أ��ͨ��ƶȾ��ѧԭ��з��Ϊ��׳ɱ��ǵ��С��ҵ��ԭ��

��׳ɱ��Transaction Costs��ֳƽ��׷��ã��ѧ��ɵ¡��˹��ڡ��ҵ��ʡ�һ��Ϊ��׳ɱ��ǡ�ͨ��۸��֯��ģ��Եĳɱ��з��Լ۸�ĳɱ��г��Ϸ��ÿһ�ʽ��׵�̸�к�ǩԼ�ķ��á��ü۸��ƴ��ڵ��ĳɱ��ͨ��֮��Ĺ�ϵ�ɱ��һ�£��׳ɱ��С��ҵ��г��1��㽭ʡ��С��ҵ��С��ҵ��Ѹ�ٷ�չ��㽭ʡ�ġ��һ�Ȼ𱬣��ھ��÷��ĵ��ݡ��ɽ�ǳ��Ծ��Ľ��׳ɱ��ܼ򵥣��ݡ��ѽ�άϵ��ֽ��׳ɱ��ܵ͡��2��㽭ʡ��С��ҵ��г��׳ɱ��г��׳ɱ��ż��ƶȵ��⣬��г��ʵĽ��׳ɱ��ߣ��Ӷ�ʹ��С��ҵ��г�û�кܺõĽ��

��֮��С��ҵ��г��ż��ߣ��󲿷��С��ҵ��޷��Ҫ�󣻶��С��ڻ��Ϊ�˱��գ��С��ҵ��Ϣ��Ѱ�ɱ�̫�󣬵��±߼ʳɱ��ڱ߼��棬��Բ�Ը��С��ҵ��С��ҵ��г��׳ɱ��ߵ�ԭ��㣺��һ��Ϣ��Գơ��С��ڻ��˽��С��ҵ��Ϣ��Ϊ�˻�ȡ��С��ҵ��Ϣ�߼ʳɱ��߼��棬�Ӷ��С��ҵ��ʡ��ڶ��ϵ��ơ��㽭ʡ��С��ҵ��չѸ�٣��С��ҵ��ϵ��δ��ơ��С��ڻ��ܹ�Ѹ��С��ҵ��ã��̫�󡣵��ڷ��ɷ��治��ȫ��С��ҵΥԼ��ĳͷ��Ȳ��С��ҵ��ΥԼ�ĳ嶯��

��ԭ��Ƴ��С��ҵ��⣬��Ϊ��Ӧ��ƶȲ��н��

��㽭��С��ҵ��ʶԲ��о�

Ҫ�Ӹ��Ͻ��С��ҵ��Ҫ��С��ҵ��ڻ��Ľ��׳ɱ��ڣ�

1.��淶��ϸ��С��ҵ��Ϣ��¶��ơ��ǽ��С��ҵ��ĸ��Ҫ��С��ҵ��ʽ��ͱ��뱣֤��õ��С��ҵ��Ϣ��ʵ�ģ��вŻ��һЩ��Ҫ�ĳ��򣬴Ӷ��ͽ��׷��á��ʵ�ǣ��й��С��ҵ��Ϣ��¶�ƶȲŸոտ�ʼ��̸��Ϲ淶��㽭ʡ��һЩ��Ե㣬��С��ҵ��й淶��һ��ͳһ��С��ҵ��ݿ⣬��С��ҵ��Ҫ��Ϣ��С��ҵ��Ϣ�⣬��֮��޸ġ��С��ҵҪ��д����п��ڴ˲�ѯ��Ϣ��С��ҵ��¶��Ϣ��ڶ��ȡ��ڽ��г��ʸ��Ե�ɹ��󣬿��ȫʡʵ��ͳһ��淶��ϸ��С��ҵ��Ϣ��¶��ơ�

2.��С��ҵ��ϵ��ϵ��Ϣ��¶��ศ��ɵģ�û��Ƶ��ϵ��С��ҵ��Ϣ��¶��ƾ�û��塣��ʾ��д��ˡ��У��С��ҵռ��60%��ϣ��С��ҵΥԼ��շǳ��Ϊ��ˣ�Ϊ�˷��С��ҵΥԼ��л��ӽ��׳ɱ��С��ҵ��ר�ŵ��ʾ��ҵ�ķ��գ��Ҳ��ѧ��á��ȣ��ǿ��Ը��ҵ��ָ�꣬�Ը��С��ҵ��ϵͳӦ��ǵ��Զ��ƣ��ų��Ϊ��š��С��ҵ��ֲ��Ϊ��ҵ��ҵʧȥ��ʸ��Σ��ϵ��ǳ��걸��ڸ��ڻ��ֹ��ҵ��ڻ��ʡ�

3.��С��ҵ��ڷ��ɷ��档��ƵĽ��ڷ��ɷ��Ǽ��С��ҵ��ʽ��׳ɱ��ı��ϡ��С��ҵ��˵�ԭ��ΪΥԼ�ɱ�С��ΥԼ��档ΥԼ��Ǵ��Ŀ��ΥԼ�ɱ��ҵ��á��ɳͷ��ϵ��ơ��ɷ��治�ϸ��£�ֻҪ��Ե��ҵ��ΥԼ�ķ��ա��ϵ��Ƶ��£��ȫ�Ľ��ڷ��ɷ��Ҫ�ˡ��㽭ʡ��Ը��ʵ��ƶ�ר�ŵ��С��ҵ��ڷ��ɷ��棬��Υ��ɷ��С��ҵ��ϳͣ�ʹ��ΥԼ�ɱ��ΥԼ��档

��ܽ�

��С��ҵ��ѣ��Ѳ��һ��ˣ��ܶ�רҵѧ�߽��о��Ҳ��Ӧ�Բߡ��Ǿͱ��˵��һ��ƶ��⣬�ƶ��ˣ��г��ӭ�ж��⡣�ƶȲ��ƣ��ʹ�ٶ��С��ڻ��֣�Ҳ��ܻ��С��ҵ��֮�ࡣ��С��ڻ��Ǯ��С��ҵ��¶��Ϣ�ƶ��ϸ��ϵ��ƣ��еõ��ʵ��Ϣ��Ͳ��ٻᵣ�ĳ��ΥԼ��Ľ��ң��ҵΥԼ��ĸ߰��Ҳ��ʹ��ȴ��Ϊ�г��ġ��ҹ�ˡ��Ϊ��С��ҵ��ʰ��ź��ƶȣ��С��ҵ��ʵĽ��׳ɱ��Ӷ��ս��С��ҵ��⡣

�ο��ף�

[1] ��С��.��С��ҵ��Բ�[J].�غ��ҵ��Ƽ��2005��11��.

[2] ��ƻ��.��С��ҵ��Բ��о�[J].��о��2009��1��.

[3] ��ƽ��.�㽭��С��ҵ��ѵ�ԭ�򼰶Բ�[J].�Ƽ��ҵ��2008��1��.

��߼�飺��٣�1976-��У��㽭��Ϫ�ˣ��̣�˶ʿ�о��֤ȯ�г��֤ȯ��о��

��Դ��¼�� о��