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2012-7-30

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ŦԼ��(��רָ��ŦԼ��ʺ��³��Ͳ��ʿ�˹��Ĺ��ͨϵͳ��ݲ��˹��Ĺ��ͨ��ŦԼ�н��·ϵͳ)��Ϲ�ģ��æ�Ĺ��ͨϵͳ֮һ��468��վ�ͳ��368 km��·��ɾ޴�Ĺ��ͨ��磬ΪŦԼ��ϵͳ��ṩ��ǿ��֧�š��1904�꿪ͨ��Ӫ��ݹ��귢չʷ��߷�ʱ�εĹ��ӵ��Ͳ��ϵĴ��Ҫ��Ӫ��Ҳ��һֱ��ŦԼ��;��⡣

�ܶ��о��Ʊ��Ʊ�ۡ�Ͷ�ʸ��¡��˹��ɱ��Ӫ��Ч�ʵȽǶȷ��ŦԼ��ԭ�򣬲��Ҫԭ��Ʊ�۹��Ƶ��µĵ�Ʊ��Լ��Ӫ��Ч�ʵ��µ��µ��Ӫ�ɱ��߰��^[1-4]��ǣ�ŦԼ��20��40��Ķ��Ʊ��ǲ�δ��Ч��Ӫ�Ĳ��Σ��Ӫ��֯�ϴ�˽Ӫ��˾ת��ͨ��ŵĶ�α��Ҳû�дӸ��ϸ��Ӫ��Ч��߷�ʱ��ӵ��Ͳ��Խ��Խ��ء��ɼ��Ʊ�۹��ƺ��Ӫ��ǶȽ��ӵ��Ϳ��ԭ�򲢲��֡�

��ͨ��ռ�1900��ŦԼ��˿��˿ڿռ�ֲ��Լ��GIS��ݣ��ŦԼ��滮��Ӫ��صĴ��ʷ��ף��Դ󶼻ύͨ��(Metropolitan Transportation Authority, MTA)��Ա��з�̸��ͼ��ŦԼ��Ź��öԵ��չӰ��ƵĽǶȣ��о��̽��ŦԼ��߷�ʱ��ӵ��Ͳ��

1 ŦԼ��ķ�չ��ͬʱ��ŦԼ��е��

1.1 ��ڷ��ӯ��(19��ĩ��1912��)

19��°�Ҷ��ŦԼ�˿ڼ��ͣ��1850��69.6��1900��343.7��ˣ��˿��ܼ��51.6��185��ˡ�ͬʱ��󲿷ֹ�ҵ��ҵ��סլ��ϲ��С��^[5]��˿ڵĳ��;ִٵĵ��ʹ�ô��ͨ��ΪŦԼ��н�ͨ�ı�Ȼѡ��1900�꣬ŦԼ��̻��Ӫ��ʽ��Ȩ˽Ӫ�Ŀ��˹�˾(Interborough Rapid Transit Company, IRT��˾)��ӪŦԼ�е�һ��ϵͳ(IRTϵͳ)��1904��10�£��һ��·��ͨ��Ӫ��Ϊ��ʱ��ٶ��Ĺ��ͨ��·��Ľ��ŦԼ�г��н�ͨϵͳ��Ч�ʡ�

��IRTϵͳ�Ľ��ɣ��п��͵��Ӫ��˹�ͬ��ٵľ��档һ��棬IRTϵͳ��Ӫ�̼��߷��ز��Ĵ��Ŀ�ͨ��Լ��ͨ��ʱ�䣬�ܶ��Ǩ��Ͳ��ʿ�˹��ӣ��ڱ��ԭ�й��ͬʱ��ܸ��õ�ס��ҵ��ҵҲ��סլ�Ŀ��ϲ��ܼ��ش��ɢ��һ��棬��·��λ��߸��ܶȿ��ģʽΪ��ṩ�˳��Ŀ��ʹ��IRTϵͳ�쳣ӵ��֮��IRT��·��ƿ��60��˴Ρ�d^-1��һ��վ��ѳ��Ԥ�ƵĿ��ʹIRTϵͳ��ȫ��5��ֵĵ�Ʊ��ȻΪͶ�ʷ��˷��Ͷ�ʻر��IRT��˾��״��Ը��^[5]��

ŦԼ��ڵķ��ٱ��Ϊ�ɹ��ҵ��Ӫ��ŦԼ��ɴ˽��Ӫ�϶�Ϊ��ҵ��Բ��֧�֡�

1.2 ��ϵͳ��չ��ڳ��(1913��1939��)

IRTϵͳ��ɺ��˿ڵĳ��ʹ��ϵͳ�¿��ĳ��пռ��Ȼ�޷��ᾭ�õķ�չ��󡣳��⣬��³��Ҳ��ʼ��ֹ��ҵ��סլ��ܼ��󣬳��н�ͨӵ��Ҳû�еõ��⣬��ʹŦԼ��ʼ��ǽ��ģ��󡢸��ĵ��ϵͳ��ϣ��˽��˿��ɢ��δ��Ĳ��ʿ�˹��³��ͻʺ��Щ��ľ��÷�չ^[6]��

1913�꣬��ŦԼ��͹��̽��ƶ��£��IRT�Ͳ�³��ֽ��˹�˾(Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, BRT��˾)��ͬǩ��ŦԼ��ʷ�Ϲ�ģ��ĵ��Э�顪��˫��Э��(Dual Contract)��Э��ȷ��˵��縲�ǵĳ��ģ��һЭ��½��ɵ�ŦԼ��Ҳ��Ϊ˫��ϵͳ(Dual System)��Э��ǩ��IRT��˾��BRT��˾��չ�˴��ģ�ĵ��߽��裬ͬʱ��1930��ﵽ20.46��˴�^[5]��

��ĳ��͵��Ĺ��ӵ��ʹ��Ϊ˽Ӫ��˾ͨ��Ӫ¢��˹��ͨ��ȡ�˸߶�¢��󣬽��ӪЧ�ʺͷ��ŦԼ��;��档��ǣ��1929�꿪ʼ��ŦԼ��ʼ��Ӫ�϶��IRTϵͳ��BRTϵͳ�Ķ��ϵͳ(Independent System��INDϵͳ)��ŦԼ�н�ͨ��(Board of Transportation)��Ӫ��ҵ�ľ��

��ǣ�ŦԼ��IRTϵͳ��BRTϵͳ��Ӫ�Ͳ��״��жϺ��֤��Ǵ��ġ��20��20��ʼ��˽Ӫ��˾�Ĳ��״��񻯣��Ҫԭ��ܹ��Ƶĵ�Ʊ��ߺ͵�һ��ս��Ķ��ͨ��͡��ˣ��Ĵ��ʹƱ��Կ�֧��Ӫ��10��ǰ��ӯ��״��ҵ�ľ��̶��Ѵ��ǰ��INDϵͳ�ļ��ʹάϵIRTϵͳ��BRTϵͳ��ƽ��Ŀ��ַ��Դ��㵼��˽Ӫ��˾��Ӫ��ή��̽��Ʋ��״̬��

��һʱ�ڣ��ŵ��ģ��·��˳��˿ڴ��Χ��Ǩ�ƣ��˳��˿��ܶȺ��̬�ı仯��1910��1930��10��䣬ŦԼ��˿ڷֱ��25.2%��29.4%��н��ֱ��89.7%��69.4%��˿��ܶȷֱ𽵵�34%��23.6%��1910��11 849�ˡ�km��½��1930��5 975�ˡ�km^-2[7]��У�1910��1920��ŦԼ��ʷ��˿��ܶ��½��10�ꡣ��Ų��ʿ�˹��³��ͻʺ��ס�õصĿ��˹��ҵ��ס��ܷ��ŦԼ��𽥴ӻ��ת��ơ�

1.3 ��н��˥��(1940��1967��)

��е��š��ͨϵͳ��ƺͽ��ز��ķ��٣�ʹԭ��ס��ڵ��в��׼�Խ��ԽԸ��ڽ��򽨷��20��50��60��ס��ﵽ�߳��ٵȳ��˿��ܶȴ��ͣ��ǹ��ͨ��ѡ��ʽ��н��Խ�һ��Ӿ��˵��˥�䡣

��Ӫ�ĳ��ڿ��ŦԼ��ͨ��ծȯ��õ��ʽ��޷��ֲ��𣬱��Ӳ��ó��ʽ�֧�ֵ��Ӫ��1940��1944�꣬Ϊ�ֲ��ŦԼ�в��ÿ��֧��3 700��Ԫ��⵽��Ա��˰��ǿ�ҿ��飬ʹ�õ��Ҳ��^[5]��ͬʱ��INDϵͳ�󲿷��ԭ��·��С��ظ��޷��ز��̺��̴��µ��̻��ʹԭ��ӵ��չ�ĵز��̺��Ҳ��֧�ֵ��Ͷ�ʡ�

ŦԼ��Ҳ��ͼͨ��ı��Ӫ��Ƶ��Ӫ��Ч��1940��6�£��IRTϵͳ��BRTϵͳ��ʲ��л��INDϵͳһͬ��ŦԼ�н�ͨ��Ӫ��1953�꣬�齨ŦԼ�й��(New York City Transit Authority, NYCTA)��ϣ��ŦԼ�и��(Port of New York Authority)�ĳɹ��飬��Ӫ�Ĳ��⡣��Щ��Զ�û�гɹ��20��40��70��30��䣬��ή��ͬʱ��ҲԽ��Խ�ࡣ

��Զ��ú�˽��Ʒ��ԣ��ŦԼ��̽��Ϊȡ��ͨ��һ�ֳ��з�չ��ѡ��ͨ��ʽ��õ��Ĵ��֧�֣�ŦԼ�еĹ��߿�ʼ��Ϊ��ĳ��з�չս��б��ͬʱ��һʱ��Ľ�ͨ��Ҳ��ʼ��ش�ת�䣺һ��棬��ͨ��·Ԯ��ʽ�Ͷ��ٹ�·��裻��һ��棬��Ѻ��߿�ʼ��ڳ��ĵ��סլ��裬��ˣ��߻��Ƶ��͸߼��·�ܱߵ�סլ��^[5]��Щ��ʹ˽��ӵ��ʹ��ģ��Ҳʹ�ܶ��ҵ�ر��ҵ��ʼǨ��ͨ�ڳ��˵��Ȼ��Ҫ��Խ��Խ��ķ�ͨ�ڳ��п�ʼ��С��1930��1960�꣬ŦԼ�м��ճ��146.52%^[7]��ŦԼ��ʷ��Ѹ�ٵ�30�ꡣ

1.4 ��ϵͳ��Ĳ��(1968��2000��Ժ�)

��Ŵ��ڽ��ӣ��е��ҵ��ܺͲ�ҵ��Ҳ��ֽ��ơ��20��70��ʼ��͹��Ŀ�ʼ�ڽ��裬��Ϊ��ڽ��ҵ��ͬʱ��֮��ڵĵ��Ҳʹ��ҵ�׷��Ǩ�ƣ��ģ�Ĺ�ҵ԰��ҵ��仧��˲�ҵ��ʼ��𣬾��Ƴ��й��ܵĽ��ŦԼ��Ϊ��ĵĴ󶼻��γɡ�ͬʱ��ҵ��Ҳ��ʼ�𲽷�ɢ��뽼��Ĺ��ʽ��Ϊ�ı䣬��ʼ��Ϊ��־��Ҫ��ռ䡣��ʹŦԼ��˿ڳ��ָ��1980�꣬ŦԼ��˿��1970��789��˼��707��ˣ�10�꽵��10%^[7]��ʹ�˿��ܶȼ��ͣ��ʿ�˹��Ͳ�³��ܼ��˿ڼ��ʺ��ŦԼ�ݵ��Լ��ɢ��÷�չ�Ͳ�ҵ��ʹ��Ȼ��ŦԼ��еĹ��Ŀ�ĵء�

1968�꣬ŦԼ�󶼻��(Metropolitan Transit Authority��MTA)��ŦԼ��Ϳ��Ҹ��ͬ��Ȩ��󶼻��Ķ��ͨ��Ӫ��󲻾ã�MTA��׼��д��ģͶ��Ը��¡��ŦԼ��ϵͳ��1968�꣬MTA��˵�һ�׶εĳ��ڸĽ��ƻ��10��Ͷ��25��Ԫ��ŦԼ�й��ͨϵͳ��ⲿ��Ͷ��Ҫ��ŦԼ��^[1]��һʱ�ڣ�ŦԼ��Ӫ��˶෽��⣬��Ρ�׼��ʵȷ��½��⣬��ϡ��Լ��г��ײ�¹�Ҳ��Ϸ��ص��ì��⡣Ϊ�ˣ�MTA��ò��Ͷ�ʷ��ü��ʹ�÷��գ�MTA��ʽ��ڸ��¸��ϵͳ^[8]��

MTA��ʽ��ڸ��¸��ϵͳ��ϵͳ�ľ��ʹŦԼ��ķ��Χ��з�չ��ģ֮��Ĳ��һ��󡣴�20��60��ĩ��90��ĩ��30��䣬ŦԼ��Ӫ��Ȼ��ŦԼ��930km²��ڡ��ǣ��з�չ�Ѿ�ͻ��ŦԼ�к�ŦԼ�ݵ��ޣ��𽥷�չ��Ϊ��3��12�ء�ռ��4 000ƽ��Ӣ��(Լ1.036��km²)��˿ڴ�1 200��˵Ĵ󶼻��ŦԼ��ڳ��з�Χ��ڳ��Ŀ��϶��޷��ı仯��ڿ��ĳ��٣��ŦԼ��һֱ��Ʊ�ۣ��Ӫ��ȴû��һֱû�и��ƣ��Ҳ�Ӽ��Ԫ��40��Ԫ��MTA��õ��󲿷ֶ��ֲ��Ӫ��^[9-10]��

2 ŦԼ��Ӫ��

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2.1 Ʊ�۸ĸ�

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